Now let's take these two types of process types, we said jumbled and linear, and place them in this big arrangement of process types that we normally talk about in operations. We think about process types on a spectrum that goes all the way from continuous to project. What you have here is a graph, on the x-axis you have product variety going from low to high, on the y-axis you have process flexibility going from low to high. The diagonal represents the spectrum of process choices that you can pick from for your particular operation, for your particular process. If you think about the linear and jumble that we just talked about, the linear is going to be the one that is second from the left. It's a line kind of process, and the jumbled is going to be the second last one which is the job shop. If you're going left to right the job shop is the second last one, and that's the more jumbled flows. On the extremes, you have continuous and projects, continuous is where things are going to be even more extreme than linear in the sense that they are going to flow on a continuous basis. Then you have the line which is a linear. The small batch and the large batch which is next, they represent the intermediate between the line and the job shop, so they are neither linear nor jumbled. The job shop is where you have different types of departments, that are okay with dealing with different types of customers, it's not dedicated. Then finally, you have a project which is dealing with just one customer, they're the sample size or the number of customers for which the product is being built, or being catered to is one. It's a very unique product that you're giving to a customer. Let's go through a few examples of each of these different types, to get a better sense of what these different process types actually mean what they are. For the first one here, you have the example of a project. This is what we talked about in the previous slide as being one unit being built for a customer at a time. Here, you see an example of an airplane that is being developed, this is in its R and D phases and it's being developed one at a time. This is where there are different people who are experts in different areas, who are coming together to where the airplane is situated, to where the airplane is located, and they're working on it to try out different things. It's a unit of one it's the experts, the people who are working on this particular product are actually going to the site to where the product is being built. You can take this and think of other examples of where you would be using a project type of configuration. For example, if you are arranging a wedding, now that's a project. You have a unique product that is being done for a particular set of people, and it's all the experts that are coming together. Making a movie is a project, every movie is unique it's a project, it needs process type of a project type because they are going to be different experts coming together in order to get that project done. That's one extreme of this spectrum of process types. Next one, this is what we learned earlier as being the jumbled flow, you're looking at here what six different departments, four different products, and the four different products, the yellow, the blue, the green, and the red have a different sequence in which they go through these six different departments in order to get into a finished product. The circles here represent raw materials, they represent the start of the job and the squares represent the finished product, the finished surface, or the finished goods that are being delivered to customers. Here you see its jumbled flows, it could be a product that's being built, the product that's being assembled, that's being manufactured. Or it could be as we saw in that earlier example patients going through different departments and different sequence, different types of patients requiring different sequences. Some of them may even skip some departments if that is what is needed for their particular treatment. This could be a service or a manufactured good. Next is the intermediate one, the batch one. So the best way to describe this would be, it's neither a job shop and nor is it an assembly line. So it's neither completely jumbled nor is it completely linear, it's somewhere in the middle. So it's a job shop that makes a single type of product at any point in time. So here you have an example of a cheese making factory. If you think of cheese making, they make it in batches. So they make a certain type of cheese. They may make it from a job shop kind of environment and while they're making that they don't work on anything else. They get that done, and then they move on to the other type of product. Now, you can take a job shop and convert that into a batch kind of environment, or you can think of a linear arrangement and convert that into a batch type of environment. What do we mean by that? You can an assembly line that's making different types of products. But let's say you don't have enough volume to say that we're going to dedicate this assembly line to this particular product, then you might say, well, we'll run this assembly line for a particular kind of product for a few days and then there's going to be a long changeover and then we're going to run something else. So if you think of, let's say pharmaceuticals, different types of pharmaceuticals that are being made on an assembly line, they might be being made in batches. So you don't have enough volume of a particular kind. You run a certain type of a pharmaceutical, a certain type of medication on it, and then you pause, you clean, there's going to be a thorough cleanup, thorough scrubbing off of the assembly line before you can move on to the next kind of drug or medication that you're making on their assembly lines. So that's going to be a batch kind of a process for you. So it's in the middle of a linear versus a job shop. Next we come to what we may be most familiar with, and that is this vision of cars moving down in assembly line, or when you're talking about computers being assembled, people sitting next to each other and passing it on after doing whatever little task that they're doing. So it's people who are doing a little part of the whole task and then it's being moved to the next task. So this could be just looking at those two examples. In the case of a car, it's a machine paced assembly line. In the case of an assembly of a computer, it might be a human paced assembly line. I do my job in terms of whatever little task I'm supposed to do, whatever little part I'm supposed to put in for the assembly of this computer and pass it on to the next person. I physically pass it on and they pass it on to the next person and so on and so forth. So that might be the way in which these things get accomplished through a manually paced assembly line or a machine paced assembly lines. In the case of cars, it's a machine paced assembly line. Now as you're thinking about these different types of configurations, you can think about the car being made from a different type of process configuration as well. It could be made from a job shop kind of configuration. So it's not that you are always going to make a certain product from a certain type of process configuration, there might be contexts in which you would use one or the other and that's what we're going to talk about in this lesson. What are the advantages and disadvantages? What are the implications of choosing one process type over another? Finally, let's look at this extreme of the spectrum of process configurations and here we're looking at a process that is generally called process industries. We call it process industries because it's a continuous process, and the products that get made in these kinds of industries are petroleum, for example you have fertilizers that get made in plants. So what is a characteristic of this type of process? It's very highly automated. You start the petroleum plant and it's a refinery that's making product from crude, you rarely stop it. You stop it maybe once in a year to do some maintenance, and it's a huge deal to have to stop it and then to restart it again. So that's what we call the continuous flow, and a lot of p times it's called process industries when you're talking about these types of process types. So process industries have a continuous flow type of process.